ࡱ> RTQU@  bjbj I J   8F $j J1 vvv1111111$^3R5X'1@6@'1 l <1   F8  1 1 , > .h/ ~ P @ ..0 R101 /66 /$26/(vn dvvv'1'1JJ ^JJ  Seeking refuge  Since 1979 more than 6 million people have fled from Afghanistan, mostly to Iran or Pakistan. Although many have returned, by September 2001 there were still 3.6 million Afghan refugees in the region the largest single refugee population in the world. People have fled Afghanistan mainly because of conflict. This is a push factor as it forces people to leave their home to seek refuge in another country. Who is a refugee? Refugees are people who flee their country because of a well founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group. (UNHCR definition 1951) Asylum seekers are people who have left their own countries claiming persecution and are seeking a place of safety. They may be granted refugee status in their host country and be able to stay. Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) like refugees, have been forced to leave their homes because of persecution, war or other threats, but unlike refugees, remain in their own country. Increasingly they are victims of civil war. Migrants are people who move from their home to another place. This may be internal migration movement within a country or international migration where migrants leave their country to live in another country, often seeking more money and a better life for their children. Unlike refugees, migrants are free to return home if they should wish to because, although they may be very poor, their lives are not in danger. These types of migrants are called economic migrants. Returnees are refugees who, when conditions allow, return to their own countries. They may return by themselves or with the assistance of the UNHCR or other agencies. This is called voluntary repatriation. A refugee population Pakistan gave asylum to many more Afghan refugees than Iran did. At its peak, in 1989, the Afghan refugee population in Pakistan was 3.3 million. Most of the early refugees were Pashtuns from the eastern provinces, who crossed the border to Pakistans North West Frontier Province (NWFP). Others, mainly from the south, went to Baluchistan in Pakistan. They had freedom of movement and many travelled further afield in search of work, often leaving families behind in camps. There was also migration back across the border on a seasonal basis, a pattern which existed since long before the war against the Soviet occupation. By the mid-1990s, attitudes towards Afghan refugees were hardening in both Pakistan and Iran, while worsening economic conditions made it more difficult for refugees to earn a living. The UNHCR in 2000 agreed a programme of an assisted repatriation package if they could not demonstrate their continued need for protection. By the end of the year more than 130,000 Afghans had returned under this programme, and a further 80,000 were allowed to remain in Iran for the next 12 months. Internal displacement In addition to the refugees who sought refuge outside the country, some two to three million people have been driven from their homes by armed conflict but have remained within the borders of Afghanistan. Displacement has occurred both between and within cities, and to and from the rural areas. The fighting in Kabul in the early 1990s forced many families to move several times. The drought too caused people to leave their homes. At first it was mainly individuals seeking to support families back home, but as the drought got worse, whole families were on the move. Returning home The change of government led to the largest and quickest return of Afghan refugees. By 2002, the UNHCR had assisted more than 1.7 million to return, 1.5 million of these from Pakistan. The push factor was that life in Pakistan was not easy for many Afghans, but the important pull factor was that Afghanistan was being rebuilt and this would be an exciting time of opportunity. This message came through international media broadcasts about reconstruction, to the countries with the refugee population wanting to see the refugees return. When people did return, they found Afghanistan in a poor state and in many places little security existed. Read the next factsheet to find out what it was like for people who left Afghanistan and came to Britain. 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