ࡱ> Z\YU@ bjbj S @@@@@@@T   8T p TT:) : ((((((($*R,-B(@\@@(@@ R(AAA@ @ (A(AAW &|@@]' 0o "&' )0:)&n-:n-$]'TT@@@@n-@]'x vA^,/((TTd d+TT  Tourism in Antarctica  Over 10,000 tourists visit Antarctica each year. Most arrive by ship from gateway ports, Ushuaia in Argentina, Christchurch in New Zealand, Hobart in Australia and Stanley in the Falkland Islands and travel to the Antarctic Peninsula. Some, around 150, travel by private or chartered yachts and a further 130 fly to take part in activities such as mountaineering and ski-ing. Tourism began in Antarctica in 1958 but it was only in the 1980s that interest in visiting grew and cheaper trips became available. Visiting Antarctica today 47.8% of visitors to Antarctica are US citizens, many of retirement age. Assumptions can be made that these Americans are adventurous and affluent. Germans make up 10% of visitors; again they have a reputation for enjoying exotic cruise destinations. Many people visiting Antarctica on cruise ships are interested in the wildlife and scenery. A typical 8 day cruise itinerary is: Day 1Depart Ushuaia, ArgentinaDay 2At sea, crossing Drakes passageDay 3At sea, first landfall (e.g. Elephant Island)Day 4Visit South Shetland Islands, land using Zodiac inflatable boats, see seals and birds. Visit to Arktowski (Polish Station)Day 5Deception Island to see relics of whaling industry, penguin colonies and volcanic landscapeDay 6Continue south visiting the Antarctic Peninsula to set foot on the mainland and cross the Antarctic CircleDay 7At sea, cross Drakes passageDay 8Return to Ushuaia Source: BAS Regulations As increasing numbers of visitors came to Antarctica environmental impact became a concern. In 1991 seven tour companies formed the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO). This organisation has a series of objectives to regulate visitor impact and to promote sustainable tourism in Antarctica. These include: Representing the tourism industry at the annual Antarctic Treaty meetings Promoting Guidance for Visitors literature Enhancing public awareness and concern for the Antarctic environment via the media etc Scientists were particularly concerned about the impact that tourists visiting penguin populations might have on breeding figures. However a recent study of Adelie penguins breeding performance in Goudier Island found no effect on laying, hatching success, brood size or chick survival despite over 4300 tourists walking past the colonies that year. Adventure travel In 1985 Adventure Network International became the first company to take visitors to Antarctica by air and to offer trips to the interior. Their programme today offers activities for those who prefer luxury, for example trips to see the Emperor Penguins, to those who want to challenge themselves in the extreme by trying ski-ing to the South Pole or taking part in the South Pole marathon. Find out more  HYPERLINK http://www.iaaa www.iaato.org International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators  HYPERLINK http://www.adventure-network.com www.adventure-network.com Adventure Network International  HYPERLINK http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/antarctica www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/antarctica Lonely Planet travel information     !  5 ªucuWOGhM OJQJhrOJQJhM CJOJQJaJ"hrhr56CJOJQJaJhrh]CJOJQJaJhrCJOJQJaJhrhrCJOJQJaJhPh~fOJQJ.jhSCJOJQJUaJmHnHsH uhrh~fCJOJQJaJhb(PCJOJQJaJhrhrCJOJQJaJhSjhSUmHnHsH u  5 3 4 $Ifgd06gdrgdr$a$gd~f$a$gdr$a$gdS  $Ifgd06lkd$$Ifl0904 la  4 $Ifgd06lkd$$Ifl0904 la4 5 ; $Ifgd06lkd$$$Ifl0904 la  $Ifgd06lkd$$Ifl0904 la  " $Ifgd06lkdH$$Ifl0904 la $Ifgd06lkd$$Ifl0904 la $Ifgd06lkdl$$Ifl0904 la UV$%  & Fgdrgdrgdrlkd$$Ifl0904 la  ./0KLMZ[<=>jkԯԙԯrԯ\Lhrh~f5CJOJQJaJ+j&hrhrCJOJQJUaJ+j9hrhrCJOJQJUaJ hrhr0JCJOJQJaJ+jhrhrCJOJQJUaJ%jhrhrCJOJQJUaJ"hrhr56CJOJQJaJhrhrCJOJQJaJ"hrhr56CJOJQJaJhrhrOJQJ ./gd~f ^`gdr ^`gdrgdrgdr hrh~f5CJOJQJaJhM h,^jh,^UmHnHsH u. 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