ࡱ> VXUU@ bjbj Gwb b b 8 $ +  i+k+k+k+k+k+k+$-R0X+F@@+ R+`  i+i+<Q)h* K;b 8L)U++0+)p0.p0 *$p0*N\pT++D> $>  Timeline 1839-42 First Anglo-Afghan War 1878-80 Second Anglo-Afghan War 1933 - Zahir Shah becomes king and Afghanistan remains a monarchy for next four decades 1939 Second World War; Afghanistan remains neutral 1946 Afghanistan joins the UN 1949-52 Liberal Parliament 1965 Democratic elections including female suffrage. Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan founded 1973 Prime Minster Mohammed Daud organizes coup against the government 1978 Daud is overthrown and killed in a coup by the People's Democratic Party 1979 - Revolts in countryside continue and Afghan army faces collapse. Soviet Union finally sends in troops. Soviet intervention 1980 - Babrak Karmal, leader of the People's Democratic Party becomes ruler, backed by Soviet troops. Resistance by groups fighting Soviet forces. US, Pakistan, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia supply money and arms 1980-6 - Afghan refugees flee war to neighbouring countries Pakistan and Iran 1986 - US begins supplying mujahedin with Stinger missiles, enabling them to shoot down Soviet helicopter gunships. Babrak Karmal replaced by Najibullah as head of Soviet-backed regime 1988 - Afghanistan, USSR, the US and Pakistan sign peace accords and Soviet Union begins pulling out troops 1989 - Last Soviet troops leave, but civil war continues as mujahedin push to overthrow Najibullah 1991 - US and USSR agree to end supplies of arms to both sides Mujahedin triumph 1992 - Resistance closes in on Kabul and Najibullah falls from power. Rival groups fight for power. 1996 - Taliban group seize control of Kabul and introduce hardline version of Islam, banning women from work, and introducing Islamic punishments. Taliban under pressure 1997 - Taliban recognised as legitimate rulers by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. Taliban now control about two-thirds of the country. 1998 - Earthquakes kill thousands of people in North-East Afghanistan. US launches missile strikes at suspected bases of militant Osama bin Laden, accused of bombing US embassies in Africa. 1999 - UN imposes an air embargo and financial sanctions to force Afghanistan to hand over Osama bin Laden for trial. 2001 - March - Taliban blow up ancient Buddha statues 2001 - October - US, Britain launch air strikes against Afghanistan after Taliban refuse to hand over Osama bin Laden, held responsible for the September 11 attacks on America. 2001 - December Kabul is taken over by opposition Taliban falls 2001 - 22 December - Hamid Karzai becomes leader of interim power-sharing government. 2002 - January - First foreign peacekeepers in place. 2003 - August - NATO takes control of security in Kabul New constitution 2004 - January - New constitution adopted for democratic Islamic republic 2004 - March - Afghanistan secures $8.2bn (4.5bn) in aid over three years. 2004 - October-November - Presidential elections: Hamid Karzai is declared the winner, with 55% of the vote. New parliament 2005 - September - First parliamentary and provincial elections in more than 30 years. 2006 - July onwards - NATO troops take over the leadership of military operations in the south. Fierce fighting as the forces try to extend government control in areas where Taliban influence is strong. 2006 - October - NATO takes responsibility for security across the whole of Afghanistan, taking command in the east of the country from a US-led coalition force. Source:  HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1162108.stm" http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1162108.stm Afghanistan A Companion and Guide, Bijan Omrani and Matthew Lemming (Airphoto International Ltd., 2005)       .6PU   " % Žrr[[[r[[[[[[[-h~@h~@B*CJOJQJaJmH phsH 0h~@h~@B*CJOJQJ\aJmH phsH 3h~@h~@5B*CJOJQJ\aJmH phsH .jhSCJOJQJUaJmHnHsH uhOJQJhl5CJOJQJaJh'Yo5CJOJQJaJh5CJOJQJaJhSjhSUmHnHsH u  .P y P r v:r r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6 dd[$\$gd~@gd~@$a$gd$a$gdSw~ y P U  49jnqSXZ%*,]notv uԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺԺ-h~@5B*CJOJQJ\aJmH phsH 3h~@h~@5B*CJOJQJ\aJmH phsH -h~@h~@B*CJOJQJaJmH phsH 'h~@B*CJOJQJaJmH phsH @4jS%]ouL wyz|}~r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r 6r sr sr v:r v:r sgdFgd~@ dd[$\$gd~@LTU   vwxz{}η訕nbWH8484hljhlUmHnHsH uh~@hlCJOJQJaJh~@h~@CJaJh~@CJaJmH sH  h~@h~@0JCJaJmH sH +jh~@h~@CJUaJmH sH %jh~@h~@CJUaJmH sH h~@h~@CJaJmH sH -h~@5B*CJOJQJ\aJmH phsH 3h~@h~@5B*CJOJQJ\aJmH phsH -h~@h~@B*CJOJQJaJmH phsH }~h~@hlCJOJQJaJh/1. 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