ࡱ> U@ bjbj  @@@@@@@T 84 $X T& : v: #&%&%&%&%&%&%&$V(R*BI&@^6@I&@@ ^&{{{"@ @ #&{#&{{C$|@@% t H :$&t&0&$*j*$%TT@@@@*@%xL6{R,~!I&I&TT $eTT  Exploration in Antarctica  Since the first sighting of the Antarctic continent by a Russian, Bellingshausen in 1820, explorers have been drawn to the challenges of this extreme and beautiful landscape. Some expeditions have combined physical endurance with scientific discovery, others have pitted humans against each other or for personal challenge. More recently a number of expeditions have been undertaken in a spirit of international co-operation. History Captain James Cook was the first to sail within the Antarctic Circle and to begin investigations of the southern ocean. A Russian, Bellingshausen, first sighted the Antarctic land mass in 1820 but it wasnt until 1840 that a British expedition led by Sir James Clark Ross first explored and named the Ross Sea, Ross ice shelf and Victoria land. The South Pole Two British explorers, Captain Robert Scott and Ernest Shackleton had each made unsuccessful attempts to reach the Pole in 1909. Scott decided to try again in 1910 but this time he had a rival, the Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen.  Both reached the Pole but Amundsen was first on 14th December 1911. Scott arrived 33 days later but tragically froze to death with the remainder of his colleagues in a blizzard on their return. The expeditions were different in a number of ways which influenced the final outcome; Amundsens base camp was about 100km closer to the South Pole than Scotts. Amundsen used dog sledges but Scott and his team were left to man haul their sledges as the dogs, ponies and motorised sledges they had taken proved inadequate. Amundsens sole purpose was to reach the South Pole whereas Scott was also on a scientific expedition and moved more slowly as he made maps, sketches and collected biological and geographical data. Scott was a victim of severe weather, insufficient food and fuel and low morale. Today the South Pole still holds the same attraction. People from all over the world take part in expeditions to follow in the path of the original explorers to ski to the Pole, sometimes they travel alone or in groups. Recent exploration In January 2004 a team of 4 Israeli and 4 Palestinian men and women set out on a sea and land expedition to climb and name a previously unclimbed mountain on Antarctica. When they reached the summit they named the mountain, The Mountain of Israeli- Palestinian Friendship. The expedition leader said, we have proven that Palestinians and Israelis can co-operate with one another with mutual respect and trust. We hereby declare that our peoples can and deserve to live in peace and friendship. Find out more  HYPERLINK "http://www.southpolemission.co.uk" http://www.southpolemission.co.uk Expedition to support the Royal Geographical Societys Polar archive  HYPERLINK http://www.antarctica.org www.antarctica.org Polar Explorers information page  HYPERLINK "http://www.breaking-the-ice.de" www.breaking-the-ice.de Israeli/Palestinian expedition website Compiled by Kim Stephenson    vxF ` - <  ' ( [ ] . / B ϿuccUEhjVhjVCJH*OJQJaJjh7?UmHnHu"hjVhjV56CJOJQJaJh~ECJOJQJaJhjVCJOJQJaJhjVhjVCJOJQJaJhPh~fOJQJ.jhSCJOJQJUaJmHnHsH uhjVh~f5CJOJQJaJh7?5CJOJQJaJhjVhjV5CJOJQJaJhSjhSUmHnHsH u , - < ' ) D E F 3JK()<12 & FgdjVgdjVgdjV$a$gd~f$a$gdSB C D E F P o )<Mmno012?@ABNP٫|mfVJ;h \#h \#CJOJQJaJh \#CJOJQJaJjh \#CJOJQJUaJ hjVhjVhjV56CJOJQJaJ"hjVhjV56CJOJQJaJhjVhjV6CJOJQJaJh \#6CJOJQJaJhjV6CJOJQJaJ"hjVhjV56CJOJQJaJhjVh7?CJOJQJaJhjVCJOJQJaJhjVhjVCJOJQJaJh7?CJOJQJaJ2@A;gd~f  ^` gd \#gdjVgdjVPqrs;<O_hνveUIIhjVCJOJQJaJjhjVCJOJQJUaJ hjVhjV0JCJOJQJaJ+jhjVhjVCJOJQJUaJhjVhjVCJOJQJaJ%jhjVhjVCJOJQJUaJh \#h \#CJOJQJaJ h)h \#0JCJOJQJaJjh \#CJOJQJUaJ+jh)h \#CJOJQJUaJh \#CJOJQJaJhijټxhdhd`xh7?hyojhyoUmHnHsH uhyohyo5OJQJhyo5CJOJQJaJh~f5CJOJQJaJh \#h \#CJOJQJaJhjVhjVCJOJQJaJhjVCJOJQJaJ h)hjV0JCJOJQJaJjhjVCJOJQJUaJ+jh)hjVCJOJQJUaJ$a$gdyogd~f. 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